JOINS
The purpose of a join is to combine the data across tables.
A join is actually performed by the where clause which combines the specified rows of tables.
If a join involves in more than two tables then oracle joins first two tables based on the joins condition and then compares the result with the next table and so on.
TYPES
Equi join Non-equi join Self join Natural join Cross join Outer joinØ Left outer
Ø Right outer
Ø Full outer
Inner join Using clause On clause Assume that we have the following tables.
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------ ---------- ----------
10 mkt hyd
20 fin bang
30 hr bombay
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR DEPTNO
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst 444 10
222 Rama clerk 333 20
333 RESHWANTH manager 111 10
444 madhu engineer 222 40
EQUI JOIN
A join which contains an ‘=’ operator in the joins condition.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
USING CLAUSE
SQL> select empno,ename,job ,dname,loc from emp e join dept d using(deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
ON CLAUSE
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e join dept d on(e.deptno=d.deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
NON-EQUI JOIN
A join which contains an operator other than ‘=’ in the joins condition.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno > d.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
222 Rama clerk mkt hyd
444 madhu engineer mkt hyd
444 madhu engineer fin bang
444 madhu engineer hr bombay
SELF JOIN
Joining the table itself is called self join.
Ex:
SQL> select e1.empno,e2.ename,e1.job,e2.deptno from emp e1,emp e2 where
e1.empno=e2.mgr;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 RESHWANTH analyst 10
222 madhu clerk 40
333 Rama manager 20
444 Prasad engineer 10
NATURAL JOIN
Natural join compares all the common columns.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp natural join dept;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
CROSS JOIN
This will gives the cross product.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp cross join dept;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
444 madhu engineer mkt hyd
111 Prasad analyst fin bang
222 Rama clerk fin bang
333 RESHWANTH manager fin bang
444 madhu engineer fin bang
111 Prasad analyst hr bombay
222 Rama clerk hr bombay
333 RESHWANTH manager hr bombay
444 madhu engineer hr bombay
OUTER JOIN
Outer join gives the non-matching records along with matching records.
LEFT OUTER JOIN
This will display the all matching records and the records which are in left hand side table those that are not in right hand side table.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e left outer join dept d
on(e.deptno=d.deptno);
Or
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno(+);
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
444 madhu engineer
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
This will display the all matching records and the records which are in right hand side table those that are not in left hand side table.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e right outer join dept d
on(e.deptno=d.deptno);
Or
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e,dept d where e.deptno(+) = d.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
hr bombay
FULL OUTER JOIN
This will display the all matching records and the non-matching records from both tables.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp e full outer join dept d
on(e.deptno=d.deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
444 madhu engineer
hr bombay
INNER JOIN
This will display all the records that have matched.
Ex:
SQL> select empno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp inner join dept using(deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 Prasad analyst mkt hyd
333 RESHWANTH manager mkt hyd
222 Rama clerk fin bang
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